But that's neither here nor there.). This explanation didn't, however, quite manage to explain where the more dense elements got their start. Neutron stars get that—they also produce about eight times that amount of platinum. Thus, for a solar system to even just approach Kardashev Level I, its star must have formed somewhere near the ejecta of a neutron star collision. A massive star will undergo a supernova explosion. Down in the interior of stars, the high pressure and heat cooks up elements like carbon and oxygen atoms (the stuff we're made of). It won't make it into your hands or onto your teeth (you do you) until it finds a big cloud of particles. The proper Supernova The hot glowing surface expands quickly making the fireball brighter again. If the remnant of the explosion is 1.4 to about 3 times as massive as our Sun, it will become a neutron star. That is the event that causes the gamma-ray burst. In a few days it will be 10x the size of the original star Edo Berger, the astronomer who led the research at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, describes the process: When they make contact, several exciting things happen very quickly.
But hey, gold isn't everyone's thing. (Of course, if you actually did extract a teaspoon of neutronium goo, you'd lose all that wonderful gravitational force holding everything together, and the whole thing would immediately explode into a giant mass of neutrons about the size of a planet that would then break down to its individual proton and electron parts. To get an idea of just how dense a neutron star is, a mere teaspoon of the stuff would weigh about 10 billion tons. When a massive star enters Type II, Type Ib, or Type Ic supernova—or in other words, when its core is essentially crushed by the force of its own gravity—there are two potential outcomes. The core of a massive star that has more than roughly 3 times the mass of our Sun after the explosion will do something quite different.
I know someone is going to suggest I'm being dull and unimaginative for this, but I just don't see complex civilizations forming without good access to heavy metals (or Heavy Metal for that matter, but that's another story...). To put it bluntly, you, dear reader, would die. However, some hydrogen fusion will occur in … Which, as you may have already guessed, is where neutron stars get their name. But in binary star systems, the two are destined to collide. Previously, scientists had only been able to hypothesize that GRBs were the result of two colliding neutron stars, but now we have actual proof. These will eventually get shoved together by gravity and come out a beautiful solar system. Which creates neutrons. Most of the material actually collapses to form a black hole. Which is also enough to fill around 100 trillion oil tankers. So under most circumstances, these insanely dense dead stars will float around the universe doing no one any harm. Some of the material gets spewed out into space. There are clouds of hydrogen between stars. Which is an incredibly cool thought.
But while mind-boggling in quantity, it's not quite gold as you imagine it; what you're getting from a neutron collision is atomized gold. Which is why it takes these absurdly dense neutron stars, which come packing way more atomic supplies, to give us all those beautiful, heavy, glittering goods. Which sucks. Because while the majority of light elements come with a fairly simple recipe, a heavier one like gold requires 79 protons, 79 electrons, and 118 neutrons—that's a hell of lot of ingredients. Some of the material then gets sucked into the black hole.
How the star dies, however, depends on what type of star it is. After seeing a flash of light called a short gamma-ray burst (GRB) far, far way in the constellation Leo, astronomers were quickly able to deduce (with the help of a few theoretical models) that what they were seeing was the radioactive afterglow from a gargantuan mass of heavy metals created in the wake of a neutron star collision. It can either turn into a black hole or emerge from its supernova cocoon as a neutron star. Born from the explosive death of another, larger stars, these tiny objects pack quite a punch. So when it inevitably comes time for that star to die, that explosion shoots out all of the ingredients for life as we know it. What happens after a supernova occurs depends on a number of things, but hydrogen isn’t even close to the fastest thing that gets blown away from the dying star. When the core runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will contract under the weight of gravity. Artist's impression of neutron star collision via NASA. When a star ‘goes supernova,’ considerable amounts of matter may be blasted into space with such a burst of energy as to … That material, since it came from neutron stars, is very rich in neutrons, and as a result, is very efficient at forming these heavy elements, including gold. Put another way, this adds another layer of complexity to the Great Filter. But now, scientists have announced a new theory for these highly valuable elements, this one involving two ultra-dense neutron stars and one spectacularly violent, grossly expensive collision.
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