Commonly used plants for hay include mixtures of grasses such as ryegrass (Lolium species), timothy, brome, fescue, Bermuda grass, orchard grass, and other species, depending on region. For other uses, see. Small bales are still produced today. Harvested wheat and oat plants produce straw. Later in the 20th century, balers were developed capable of producing large bales that weigh up to 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). Large round hay bales present a particular danger to those who handle them, because they can weigh over 1,000 pounds (450 kg) and cannot be moved without special equipment. For example, Pimelea, a native Australian plant, also known as flax weed, is highly toxic to cattle. Some animals are also fed concentrated feeds such as grain or vitamin supplements in addition to hay. Hay requires protection from weather, and is optimally stored inside buildings,[23]:89 but weather protection is also provided in other ways involving outdoor storage, either in haystacks or in large tight bales (round or rectangular); these methods all depend on the surface of an outdoor mass of hay (stack or bale) taking the hit of the weather and thereby preserving the main body of hay underneath. To completely keep out moisture, outside haystacks can also be covered by tarps, and many round bales are partially wrapped in plastic as part of the baling process. From 1992 to 1998, 74 farm workers in the United States were killed in large round hay bale accidents, usually when bales were being moved from one location to another, such as when feeding animals. Hay or grass is the foundation of the diet for all grazing animals and can provide as much as 100% of the fodder required for an animal. It is a technique used as a money-saving process by producers who do not have access to a silo, and for producing silage that is transported to other locations. [24] This no doubt contributed to the pressure for baling in large bales to increasingly replace stacking, which was happening anyway as haymaking technology (like other farm technology) continued toward extensive mechanization with one-man operation of many tasks. Contaminated hay can also lead to respiratory problems in horses. The alveoli react due to a toxin contained within the straw dust. They evolved to be continuously on the move while grazing, (covering up to 50 miles (80 km) per day in the wild) and their stomach digests food quite rapidly. If the temperature of a bale exceeds more than 140 °F (60 °C), it can combust. A chemical reaction occurs in the lungs that causes and inflammation. However, to save labor and increase safety, loaders and stackers were also developed to mechanise the transport of small bales from the field to the haystack. [44] Some plants themselves may also be toxic to some animals. The basic idea is that it decreases drying time, particularly in humid climates or if rain interferes with haying. [20], For animals that eat silage, a bale wrapper may be used to seal a round bale completely and trigger the fermentation process. This individual may develop permanent lung damage and possibly death. Thus, they extract more nutrition out of smaller quantities of feed. If their type of feed is changed dramatically, or if they are fed moldy hay or hay containing toxic plants, they can become ill; colic is the leading cause of death in horses. In some places, depending on geography, region, climate, and culture, hay is gathered loose and stacked without being baled first. Also find spoken pronunciation of hay in hindi and in English language. Unlike ruminants, horses digest food in small portions throughout the day, and can only use approximately 2.5% of their body weight in feed in any 24-hour period. [13], Conditioning of hay has become popular. The wrap repels moisture, but leaves the ends of the bale exposed so that the hay itself can "breathe" and does not begin to ferment. Hay could be stored in a specially designed barn with little internal structure to allow more room for the hay loft. During the growing season, which is spring and early summer in temperate climates, grass grows at a fast pace. [citation needed] However, by the 20th century, good forage management techniques demonstrated that highly productive pastures were a mix of grasses and legumes, so compromises were made when it was time to mow. A chemical reaction occurs in the lungs that causes and inflammation. Most animals are fed hay in two daily feedings, morning and evening. [11] Hay was baled for easier handling and to reduce space required for storage and shipment. Hay can be raked into rows as it is cut, then turned periodically to dry, particularly if a modern swather is used. One such structure is a moveable roof supported by four posts, historically called a Dutch roof, hay barrack, or hay cap. Hay is grass, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for large grazing animals raised as livestock, such as cattle, horses, donkeys, goats, and sheep. Hay can be used as animal fodder when or where there is not enough pasture or rangeland on which to graze an animal, when grazing is not feasible due to weather (such as during the winter), or when lush pasture by itself would be too rich for the health of the animal. The stack was made waterproof as it was built (a skilled task) and the hay would compress under its own weight and cure by the release of heat from the residual moisture in the hay and from the compression forces. The proper amount of hay and the type of hay required varies somewhat between different species. This page also provides synonyms and grammar usage of hay in punjabi hay-meaning in Hindi, Hindi meaning of hay, Get meaning of hay in Hindi dictionary, With Usage Tips and Notes, Quickly Grasp Word hay However, organic forms of fertilization and weed control are required for hay grown for consumption by animals whose meat will ultimately be certified organic. However, some precautions are needed. Sheep will eat between two and four percent of their body weight per day in dry feed, such as hay,[4] and are very efficient at obtaining the most nutrition possible from three to five pounds per day of hay or other forage. After hay was cut and had dried, the hay was raked or rowed up by raking it into a linear heap by hand or with a horse-drawn implement. In recent times, some producers have experimented with human sewage sludge to grow hay. Straw is used mainly for animal bedding. Straw dust is an extrinsic allergen that enters the body through breathing and enters the lungs. However, this schedule is more for the convenience of humans, as most grazing animals on pasture naturally consume fodder in multiple feedings throughout the day. Historical Society. Especially in wet climates, such as those of Britain, the degree of shedding of rainwater by the stack's outer surface is an important factor, and the stacking of loose hay was developed into a skilled-labor task that in its more advanced forms even involved thatching the top. It is also fed when an animal is unable to access pasture. Large round bales, which typically weigh 300 to 400 kilograms (660–880 lb), are more moisture-resistant, and pack the hay more densely (especially at the center). Today tons of hay can be cut, conditioned, dried, raked, and baled by one person, as long as the right equipment is at hand (although that equipment is expensive). Both can be deadly to non-ruminant herbivores, such as horses, and when this occurs, the entire contaminated bale generally is thrown out, another reason some people continue to support the market for small bales. Pigs may also be fed hay, but they do not digest it as efficiently as … [45], Media related to Hay at Wikimedia Commons, Dried grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants used as animal fodder, This article is about dried plant material used as animal food. [25][37] Construction of tall haystacks is sometimes aided with a ramp, ranging from simple poles to a device for building large loose stacks called a beaverslide. The body's natural defense system is triggered because it cannot fight off the foreign body of straw dust. It is frequently placed inside sheds, or stacked inside of a barn. Small square bales are stacked in a criss-crossed fashion sometimes called a "rick" or "hayrick". [30][31] Haystacks may also be built on top of a foundation laid on the ground to reduce spoilage, in some places made of wood or brush. A symbiotic fungus in fescue may cause illness in horses and cattle.[2]. It is the leaf and seed material in the hay that determines its quality, because they contain more of the nutrition value for the animal than the stems do. Balers are usually pulled by a tractor, with larger balers requiring more powerful tractors. Pigs may also be fed hay, but they do not digest it as efficiently as herbivores. For example, an endophytic fungus that sometimes grows on fescue can cause abortion in pregnant mares. [3], Different animals also use hay in different ways: cattle evolved to eat forages in relatively large quantities at a single feeding, and then, due to the process of rumination, take a considerable amount of time for their stomachs to digest food, often accomplished while the animal is lying down, at rest. There is also a risk that hay bales may be moldy, or contain decaying carcasses of small creatures that were accidentally killed by baling equipment and swept up into the bale, which can produce toxins such as botulinum toxin. Adequate ventilation with fresh air, proper temperature and proper relative humidity should be maintained within buildings where animals are housed. Hay production and harvest, commonly known as "making hay",[8] "haymaking", or "doing hay", involves a multiple step process: cutting, drying or "curing", raking, processing, and storing. Some animals, especially those being raised for meat, may be given enough hay that they simply are able to eat all day. These dust particles are 5 microns or smaller and are absorbed by the alveoli within the lungs. People who are sensitive to extrinsic allergens, which means causes that originate from outside of the body, should avoid areas with has straw dust concentration. Hay that is to be certified as weed-free for use in wilderness areas must often be sprayed with chemical herbicides to keep unwanted weeds from the field, and sometimes even non-certified hayfields are sprayed to limit the production of noxious weeds. Other animals, especially those that are ridden or driven as working animals, are only free to eat when not working, and may be given a more limited amount of hay to prevent them from getting too fat. Hay can be soaked in water, sprinkled with water or subjected to steaming to reduce dust. Haystacks are also sometimes called stooks, shocks, or ricks. Nonetheless, because they are cylindrical in shape, and thus can roll easily, it is not uncommon for them to fall from stacks or roll off the equipment used to handle them. Individuals with a straw dust allergy will have one of three responses. But hay cut too late is coarser, lower in resale value and has lost some of its nutrients. The addition of net wrap, which is not used on square bales, offers even greater weather resistance. [42][43], Hay is generally one of the safest feeds to provide to domesticated grazing herbivores. Mold and spoilage reduce nutritional value and may cause illness in animals. However, it is also fed to smaller domesticated animals such as rabbits and guinea pigs. The first patent went to HL Emery for a horse powered, screw operated hay press in 1853. "(This is of course not to be confused with the regular transitve verb, "tener," which means "to have.") Farmers have to be careful about moisture levels to avoid spontaneous combustion, which is a leading cause of haystack fires. Kim Blakesley is a home remodeling business owner, former art/business teacher and school principal. These tons of hay can also be moved by one person, again with the right (expensive) equipment, as loaders with long spikes run by hydraulic circuits pick up each large bale and move it to its feeding location. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, The Effects of Prolonged Allergy Exposure.
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