[2] More westerly Cooper's hawks (roughly west of the Rocky mountains) show slightly less pronounced sexual dimorphism than hawks of the species elsewhere. [5][37][39], Cooper's hawks are fairly variable in size.
Johnson, J. (1993). (2010). [93][50][94] Pine plantations are popular nesting sites across several parts of the range. [30][43] On the contrary, in the American southwest, the species may reportedly reach its largest sizes but there is little evidence that these birds average distinctly larger than the large bodied individuals measured in the more northeasterly parts of the species’ range in North America, from eastern North Dakota to New Jersey. In flight shows relatively short, rounded wings and a long, rounded tail with thick bands. (2007). (1992).
[33] South-facing nests are thought to be avoided, possibly due to solar irradiance reducing soil moisture, tree density and shading or possibly due to the more deciduous local nature of north-facing nest sites. Sometimes he is assisted by the female in building the nest. [75][76] In Oaxaca, records show that the species has been recorded year-around with the first confirmed breeding reported in 2001.
(1996).
However, the sharp-shinned hawk nests in Missouri were at much higher elevations, i.e. Accipiters are specialist predators that eat mostly birds. [7][185][154] Flycatchers are not hugely significant in the Cooper's hawk's foods, but the local effect of the hawks on populations can be considerable. [5] Oregon nests frequently incorporate mistletoe into the nest, more so those built by pairs with mature females rather than juvenile females. [108] Similarly, in Tennessee, it was found for wintering Cooper's hawks that forested areas were 73% of the habitats used, which is far more prevalent than woodland available in the environs (with only 46% remaining wooded). During daylight hours, they tend to preen while sitting on a perch about 11 times a day and may take about 1-20 minutes to do so. Coulson, J. O., Coulson, T. D., DeFrancesch, S. A., & Sherry, T. W. (2008). The area was an open sage-brush [6][92] Additional Wisconsin studies showed that exotic conifer stands now support many Cooper's hawks even where native woodland is available.
[181] Although prior data mostly reflected the taking of adult birds, a study in Wisconsin revealed that Cooper's hawks may largely take young of the year, mostly fledglings but also not infrequently nestlings, during the breeding season. [56], Sex ratio can skew towards male in eggs, nestlings and fledglings in about 54-60% in nests of Cooper's hawks in the region of Milwaukee. [51][50][328] Although Cooper's hawks are not known to prey on venomous snakes, one was found dead from envenomation next to a burrow holding both a copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and an eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus).
[227] However, one grouse was seen to successfully evade a hunting Cooper's hawk by diving belly first into about a foot of snow. Fitch, H. S., Glading, B., & House, V. (1946). [7] New hatchling young average about 28 g (0.99 oz) in body mass and are about 9 cm (3.5 in) in total length. [5][368], However, instead of the expected gradual recovery, in the 1960s to 1970s, the breeding success rate dropped, in almost certain correlation with man’s use of chemical biocides, mostly DDT. [33] Other on-foot hunting efforts, especially when chasing quail, have been detected as well.
A., Hardin, M. G., & Haynes, T. G. (2015). (2006). Apart from caves, sometimes Cooper's hawks have been seen to capture bats in urbanized areas. Rosenfield R. N. & Bielefeldt, S. A. [33] They may chase prey into cover or from bush to bush. Cooper's hawks usually first breed at 2 years old. [300][301] Some resources have gone as far as to blame the kestrels decline directly on Cooper's hawk predation but subsequent data from the U.S. According to the What Bird resource, the total population size of the Cooper’s hawk is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 individuals. [229][230][231][232][233] For instance, during winter in Wisconsin, Cooper's hawks were thought to kill 3.4-12.5% of the local bobwhite population. [201] At least a dozen species of icterid are known to be hunted by Cooper's hawks as well. Meanwhile, goshawks tend to favor old-growth forest area with taller and older trees and generally lower tree densities. Overall, currently, Cooper’s hawks are classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and their numbers today are increasing. Boal, C. W., Bibles, B. D., & Mannan, R. W. (1997). A., Causey, M. F., Mossop, D. H., Klucsarits, J. R., Robertson, B., Robertson, S., Mason, J., Maurer, M. J., Melvin, R. J., Dwason, R.D., Bortolotti, G. R., Parrish, J.W., Breen, T. F. & Bond, K. (2009). Often about 3-5 eggs are laid every other day, though can be up to 2 days between the 4th and 5th eggs. [5] The Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawk are very similar (sometimes considered almost identical) in plumage characteristics at all stages of development. [151] 96.3% of 806 observed Cooper's hawk seen migrating in Johnson County, Iowa were solitary, although 30 migrating pairs were seen together. [456][457] Cooper's hawks found in the vicinity of airports are at risk of bird strike with aircraft, therefore 185 Cooper's were translocated away from these areas (the 5th most frequently translocated raptor species). Wrobel, E. R., Wilcoxen, T. E., Nuzzo, J. T., & Seitz, J. [56] Like other raptors who most regularly take birds, the Cooper's hawk was profiled in a study as an “attacker” rather than a “searcher” (i.e. [2][5][91] For example, average distance from waterways away from nests in Wisconsin and Utah was 66.1 and 224 m (217 and 735 ft), respectively. [196][225] Despite the regularity of predation of woodpeckers that are in the open, a study in British Columbia shows indicated Cooper's hawks seldom prey upon woodpecker nests, perhaps due to being unable to access their secluded, smallish nest holes, with the study showing that the most regular predators of such nests were various mammals (from deermice to bears). (1992). White, C.M., Boesman, P. & Marks, J.S. Often, sharp-shinned hawk nests are lower in the trees and placed in much denser vegetation (often even the sharp-shins with their smaller frames themselves accidentally strike against branches while attempting to enter the nest), in order to hide the nest more sufficiently against predators. [2][7][60] The higher pitched calls of the young may even extend to females nesting within their first year while still in immature plumage. [469] Quite few Cooper's hawks have ever been gathered for use in falconry. [218][258] Tree squirrels are widely taken but secondary prey for Cooper's hawks. However, that inactivity could last up to 5 hours during heavy rainfall. The species may further make itself at home in some pure conifer forest, including the extreme southern part of the taiga but also in many parts of the west. [296][297][298] Less is known about the range of nest predators. "[6][152] Early accounts underestimated the opportunistic nature of the Cooper's hawks’ hunting behavior and provided little insight into the actual effect the hawks have on their prey. Bergan, J., Morrow, M. & Rossignol, T. (1993). The most common chipmunk prey in Oregon is probably the 89.3 g (3.15 oz) Townsend's chipmunk (Neotamias townsendii) but the Cooper's hawks may take chipmunks down to the size of the 48 g (1.7 oz) least chipmunk (Neotamias minimus). Rosenfield, R. N., Stout, W. E., Giovanni, M. D., Levine, N. H., Cava, J. In flight, look for Cooper's Hawk's large head that projects out ahead of the wings.
This rather large owl (averaging more than three times heavier than a Cooper's hawk) is known to regularly track down fledglings and adults as well as raid the nests of other birds of prey. [5][166] Despite its gracile appearance, the Cooper's hawk, like the northern goshawk, is extremely powerful for its size and presumably able to capture larger prey relative to its size than other raptors such as falcons and Buteos (including red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis)) due to its unusually high-speed foot velocity and resulting impact during prey captures. (2004). [51][326][327] In Arizona, birds of each sex were found to usually pair with like-age individuals. [5][332] From Florida to Baja California, egg-laying can began as early February, but, despite the lower latitude, known records show most are between mid-April and early May and can even run into June.
[74][157][126][449][450] It is thought that the population of Cooper's hawks in Wisconsin is nearly saturated relative to the landmass of the state, after a rough 25-fold increase since the late 1970s. Cooper hawk, Big blue darter, Chicken hawk, Flying cross, Hen hawk, Quail hawk, Striker, Swift hawk. [56][57][61] Generally, Cooper's hawks are silent outside the breeding season. [5][17][19][20] Genetic testing has indicated that the Cooper's hawk is quite closely related to the northern goshawk, with the similar superficial characteristics to the Cooper's of the sharp-shinned hawk, a close relative of the Old World sparrowhawk, apparently obtained through convergent evolution.
& Van Kruiningen, H. J. The Cooper's Hawk is from 14 to 21 inches long, with a wingspan of from 27 to 36 inches. [381][382] Due to the female usually only beginning incubation with the third egg, the first three eggs often hatch on the same day, while the 4th and 5th eggs often hatch 1 (rarely up to 3) days later. [234] However, the bobwhite appears to be a secondary prey species in all known studies and there is no evidence that Cooper's hawk predation alone can deplete bobwhite populations, unlike causes directly contributable to man such as overhunting and habitat destruction. The pair nests in a tree in the author's yard, and this photo was taken on the first day they were observed upon their return to the breeding ground. [28][137] It is thought that Cooper's hawks also avoid the Great Plains while migrating as well. [134] Passage appears to be timed to coincide with that of their main prey, medium-sized birds. [287] Declines due to pollutants are seemingly occurring for Cooper's hawks living in Vancouver. Bosakowski, T., Speiser, R., Smith, D. G., & Niles, L. J.
[114] Cooper's hawks have a well-developed muscle mass that powers their flight, especially helping with acceleration during hunts and when carrying heavy prey.
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